precision amplifier for bridge circuits AM467 analog microele ctronics february 2011 analog microelectronics gmbh phone: +49 (0)6131/91 073 ? 0 1 / 9 an der fahrt 13, d ? 55124 mainz fax: +49 (0)6131/91 073 ? 30 rev. 1.1 internet: http://www.analogmicro.de email: info@analogmicro . de principle function adjustable offset and span output signal for differential input signals from 0 to 5 mv fs up to 0 to 100 mv fs. ratiometric output voltage of 0.2v to vcc - 0.2 v typical applications differential amplifiers for ceramic s ensing elements differential amplifiers for dms sensing elements differential amplifiers for gmr sensing elements amplifier for industrial and automotive applications AM467 v = 5v 5% cc differential input voltages ( 5... 100mv fs) v0,2v-0,2v (adjustable) e.g.0,5...4,5v ratiometric outcc =... _ + _ + _ +
precision amplifier for bridge circuits AM467 analog microele ctronics february 2011 analog microelectronics gmbh phone: +49 (0)6131/91 073 ? 0 2 / 9 an der fahrt 13, d ? 55124 mainz fax: +49 (0)6131/91 073 ? 30 rev. 1.1 internet: http://www.analogmicro.de email: info@analogmicro . de table of contents principle function 1 typical applications 1 features 3 general description 3 block diagram 3 electrical specifications 4 descr iption of functions 5 example application 5 the procedure in detail (for calibration with discrete resistors) 6 dimensioning 7 notes 8 block diagram and pinout 8 further reading 9
precision amplifier for bridge circuits AM467 analog microele ctronics february 2011 analog microelectronics gmbh phone: +49 (0)6131/91 073 ? 0 3 / 9 an der fahrt 13, d ? 55124 mainz fax: +49 (0)6131/91 073 ? 30 rev. 1.1 internet: http://www.analogmicro.de email: info@analogmicro . de features wide differential input voltage range ( 5 mv fs... 100 mv fs) low offset low offset drift low input noise high cmrr: > 120 db wide operating temperature range: ? 40 c... +125 c adjustable span of output signal adjustable offset of output signal rail - to - rail output stage: v out = 0.2 v ... v cc ? 0.2 v sink/source output single ratiometri c supply: v cc = 5 v integrated emv protective functions overvoltage protection 12 v integrated esd protective functions short - circuit - proofing small - scale design low cost circuit general description AM467 is a high - precision integrated amplifier which has been developed as signal condition circuit for small differential input voltages within a range of a few millivolts ( 5 to 100 mv fs). the chief component of the ic is a highly accurate, low - noise amplifier circuit which can be adjusted to the sensing el ements using an external network of resistors. offset and span of the output signal are adjustable in the range of 0.2 to vcc - 0.2volt. the rail - to - rail output makes the ic suitable for the amplification of dms and piezoceramic sensing elements and gmr meas uring cells with respect to the specific calibration network. block diagram figure 1: block diagram for AM467 AM467 input- amplifier biasing unit output stage short circuit protection current limitation vcc out gnd 1 4 8 in+ 3 in- 2
precision amplifier for bridge circuits AM467 analog microele ctronics february 2011 analog microelectronics gmbh phone: +49 (0)6131/91 073 ? 0 4 / 9 an der fahrt 13, d ? 55124 mainz fax: +49 (0)6131/91 073 ? 30 rev. 1.1 internet: http://www.analogmicro.de email: info@analogmicro . de electrical specifica tions (with reference to the example application) t amb = 25c, v cc = 5v (unless otherwise stated) p arameter sy m bol conditions min. typ. max. unit voltage range v cc 4.5 5 5.5 v quiescent current i cc t amb = ? 40 ... +125c 170 320 530 a temperature specif i cations operating t amb ? 45 125 c storage t st ? 55 150 c junction t j 150 c amp lifier amp offset voltage v os 0.1 0.3 mv v os vs. temperature d v os /d t t amb = - 45 ? 105c 0.5 3 v/c v os vs. temperature d v os /d t t amb = 105 ? 125c 6 v/c input bias current i b 30 200 na i b vs. temperature d i b /d t v cm = 2.5v t amb = - 45?125c ? 0.13 ? 0.6 na/c differential input vol t age v in v in = vout + ? vout - see figure 2 5 100 mv input offset current i os 0.5 5 na i os vs. temperature d i os /d t v cm = 2.5v t amb = - 45 ? 125c 2.5 30 pa/c input resistance r in v cm / i b,typ ( v cm = 2.5v) 80 m w input capacitance c in by design 90 pf common mode input range cmir 1 3.7 v common mode reje c tion ratio cmrr 100 120 db open loop gain g 0 c1 = 1nf; iout = 1a 120 140 db adjustable gain g 10 output voltage range v out 0.2 vcc ? 0.2 v guaranteed max output current i out sink and source 250 a output load resi s tance r l source and sink , / out out i v = 20 k w power supply rejection ratio psrr 90 110 db gain bandwidth product gbw r1,2=1k rk=10k, c1 =1nf, ck =100pf, no rl 190 310 kh z non linearity nl = g/go, g = 100 10 - 4 slew rate sr c 1 = 1nf; r l = 20k w 0.2 0.3 v/s input voltage noise e n rs = 100 w ; v cc = 5v ; fg=1khz with rs = source impedance 13.5 20 nv/ ? hz overvoltage protection 12 v table 1 : specificati ons currents flowing into the ic are negative. v cm = input common mode voltage
precision amplifier for bridge circuits AM467 analog microele ctronics february 2011 analog microelectronics gmbh phone: +49 (0)6131/91 073 ? 0 5 / 9 an der fahrt 13, d ? 55124 mainz fax: +49 (0)6131/91 073 ? 30 rev. 1.1 internet: http://www.analogmicro.de email: info@analogmicro . de external components parameter sy m bol conditions min. typ. max. unit output capacitor c 1 1 5 nf compensation capacitor c 2 80 100 120 pf stabilization capacitor (optio nal) c 3 100 nf emv protection capacitor (optional) c 4 470 pf load resistor to gnd, to v cc r l vout = max. vout 20 k w table 2 : external components of the calibration network (see figure 2 ) recommended : ceramic capacito rs description of funct ions AM467 is an integrated precision circuit for the signal amplification of high - and medium impedance signal sources and for the signal conditioning of sensor (resistor) bridges with low sensitivity, particularly for ceramic and d ms sensing elements or gmr measuring cells. the ic is able to generates a rail - to - rail output signal of 0.2 v to vcc - 0.2 v. the output signal is adjustable in offset and span. the amplification and offset can be set independently of one another using exter nal resistors. through the suitable dimensioning of external resistors in particular an output voltage of 0.5...4.5 v can also be provided. as these values are standard the following description refers to this output voltage. AM467 works on the principle o f ratiometry with a supply voltage of 5 v 5%. the ic is distinguished by its low offset and extremely low thermal offset drift across a wide temperature range, enabling it to be classified as a precision amplifier. the sink and source output stage is prot ected internally against short - circuiting. the AM467 design incorporates protective measures against interference from emv and esd using suitable semiconductor structures. AM467 can be used as an autonomous signal conditioning ic or as a preamplifier for a n a/d converter for digital signal conditioning. for higher output voltages e.g. 10volt or 2(3) - wire current output, this ic can be combined with the analog interface circuits of analog microelectronics (e.g. am461 and am460) example application am457 is suitable for the amplification of resistance networks connected up as a wheatstone bridge with four resistors and which have a low sensitivity, such as 1.0 to 3.5 mv/v with a 5 v supply, for example. by way of example a sensor application is described here in which is
precision amplifier for bridge circuits AM467 analog microele ctronics february 2011 analog microelectronics gmbh phone: +49 (0)6131/91 073 ? 0 6 / 9 an der fahrt 13, d ? 55124 mainz fax: +49 (0)6131/91 073 ? 30 rev. 1.1 internet: http://www.analogmicro.de email: info@analogmicro . de based on a piezoceramic sensing element such as the above and is to be calibrated to an output signal of 0.5...4.5 v (sensor system). the basic calibration procedure the sensor system is calibrated in two stages. using a mathematical algorithm (excel sheet: cali_AM467_rev1.xls) and taking AM467's measured output voltage values and the individual sensor bridge values as a basis, the values for the two resistors (calibration resistors) are calculated. in the calibration of the system all effectiv e errors (parasitic effects and component tolerances) are taken into account. the sensing element is first measured and secondly the electrical characteristics of the sensor using predefined precision measuring resistors. this information is then processed in an excel program to calculate the setpoint for two of the calibration resistors which are then swapped with the given measuring resistors and added to the circuit accordingly. if necessary, in a second stage the offset of the output voltage can be corr ected using the information given in the excel sheet. the procedure in detail (for calibration with discrete resistors) in order to evaluate the sensor system signal four resistors (r 1 to r 4 ) are required (see figure 2 ). the values of the two resistors r 2 and r 4 are fixed for the network and do not have to be adjusted during calibration. like capacitors c 1 to c 4 they can be mounted on the circuit board at the outset. resistors r 1 and r 3 act as measuring resistors and are assembled on the measuring apparatu s for all sensor systems in one sensing element category (see dimensioning ). their values must be as close as possible to those calculated by analog microelectronics for the relevant sensing element category. with the described components (r 1 to r 4 and c 1 to c 4 ) the sensor signal is at its operating point which then enables calibration. for this purpose a few of the electrical characteristics of the sensing element are first determined without the evaluation circuitry being connected (stage 1). using the e xcel calibration software (kali_AM467.xls) the necessary calibration parameters are: the sensing element resistance (rbr), average output voltage of the sensing element (vbr) and the system's supply voltage (vcc). once these three values have been determ ined the sensing element is connected up to the evaluation circuit. the output signal at the AM467 ic (out1 and out2) is measured at zero and full pressure (offset and full scale signal) and entered into the excel program with the bridge values including t he values for the given maximum pressure of the sensing element (pmax). taking these values and applying them to a calibration algorithm the two resistors r 1 and r 3 are calculated separately for each individual system. these then replace the measuring res istors and have to be soldered onto the circuit board. resistors r 1 and r 3 are described as calibration resistors. these stipulate the final operating point.
precision amplifier for bridge circuits AM467 analog microele ctronics february 2011 analog microelectronics gmbh phone: +49 (0)6131/91 073 ? 0 7 / 9 an der fahrt 13, d ? 55124 mainz fax: +49 (0)6131/91 073 ? 30 rev. 1.1 internet: http://www.analogmicro.de email: info@analogmicro . de once these resistors have been mounted the calibration procedure is complete. depending on the a ccuracy of the resistors used an offset value of 0.5 v and a full scale signal of 4.5 v should have been obtained. should the expected final accuracy require it, in an additional second stage (stage 2) the offset of the output voltage can be corrected usi ng resistor r 1 . to this end the AM467 output must again be measured at p = 0 bar. if at 0 bar the output is too high or too low by a few millivolts, for example, the excel program then calculates the necessary second correction of r 1 in ohms. the offset e rror which is then obtained if a different resistance is used in place of calculated resistance r 1 can also be determined by the excel sheet. the sensitivity in mv/ohm is instrumental here, providing information as to by how many millivolts the offset shif ts when the used resistor r 1 has a delta r (in ohms) to the calculated value. the given sensitivity value (mv/ohm) is multiplied by the delta r of resistor r 1 to obtain a change in offset which affects both the offset (0.5 v) and the full scale signal (4.5 v). figure 2 : ceramic sensing element with AM467 and a calibration network with external resistors . dimensioning in the combination of ceramic sensing element and AM467 the operating point (the initial value of the four resistors r1 to r4) was determined for all sensing elements in a specific sensing element category. in the case of piezoceramic sensors the term "sensing element category" is used to denote sensing elements with the following characteristics: bridge resistance: 11 ko hm 20% sensitivity: 2.4 1 mv/v in+ in- AM467 3 2 amp vcc 8 out 1 gnd 4 vout gnd c3 c2 r2 r1 r4 r3 output stage with short circuit proofing c4 c1
precision amplifier for bridge circuits AM467 analog microele ctronics february 2011 analog microelectronics gmbh phone: +49 (0)6131/91 073 ? 0 8 / 9 an der fahrt 13, d ? 55124 mainz fax: +49 (0)6131/91 073 ? 30 rev. 1.1 internet: http://www.analogmicro.de email: info@analogmicro . de offset: 0 to 0.3 mv/v supply voltage: 5 v 10% the following values are obtained for the above sensing element categories: fixed resistor r 2 = 33 k; accuracy of 1% fixed resistor r 4 = 12 k; accuracy of 1% measuring r esistor r 1 = 11 k; accuracy of 0.1% measuring resistor r 3 = 120 k; accuracy of 0.1% c 1 = 1 nf to 5 nf (ceramic) c 2 = 100 pf (ceramic) c 3 = 100 nf (optional) c 4 = 470 pf optional (ceramic) notes for bridge circuits with characteristics other than the abo ve (with other sensing element categories, such as dms sensing elements, for example) analog microelectronics can adapt the dimensioning program on request. the proposed calibration is in principle usable for bridge configuration of > 0,5 kohm. an excel p rogram (kali1_AM467_rev1.xls) is proposed for calibration (the calculation of the definitive operating point). this is available on the www.analogmicro.de website. a dll ( dynamic link library) can be delivered o n request. with help of this program the calibr a- tion kali1_AM467 can be automated. the dll allows a simple implementation of the calculation procedure in a standardized program environment e.g. c ++ , labview, visual b a sis. diagram and pinout figure 3: diagram of AM467 1 8 2 7 3 6 4 5 out in- in+ gnd vcc n.c. n.c. n.c. figure 4: AM467 pinout AM467 amp + - gnd 4 1 out 8 vcc in+ 3 in- 2 output stage with short circuit proofing
precision amplifier for bridge circuits AM467 analog microele ctronics february 2011 analog microelectronics gmbh phone: +49 (0)6131/91 073 ? 0 9 / 9 an der fahrt 13, d ? 55124 mainz fax: +49 (0)6131/91 073 ? 30 rev. 1.1 internet: http://www.analogmicro.de email: info@analogmicro . de for package dimensions see: http://www.analogmicro.de/products/analogmicro.de.en.package.pdf pin name explanation 1 out output 2 in - negative input 3 in+ positive input 4 gnd ic ground 5 n.c. no function 6 n.c. n o function 7 n.c. no function 8 vcc 5v supply voltage table 3 : pin configuration for AM467 further reading http://www.analogmicro.de/english/index.html kali1_AM467.xls for differential signal sources with 11k o kali2_AM467.xls for differential signal sources with lower bridge resistance delivery options AM467 is available as: an sop 8 dice in a 6" wafer on blue foil (on request) notes analog microelectronics reserves the right to make amendments to dimensions, technical data and any other information without prior notice.
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